Ischemic Osteonecrosis of the Head & Neck,  Listing and Review of Publications
©The Maxillofacial Center for Diagnostics & Research
Other Links NICO Clinical Page NICO Home Page Home Page		Publications The Classics, before 1980 Textbooks & Theses Peer Reviewed Papers Abstracts, Letters, Etc. Osteonecrosis, Other MFCenter Papers
Dead bone (missing osteocytes) and necrotic fatty marrow with loss of nuclear structures, liquefied fat globules and a surprising lack of inflammatory cells.   From: Adams WR, et al. J Oral Pathol Med 1999; 28:423-432.

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Ischemic Osteonecrosis of the Jaws,
The Classics

1. Black GV. A work on special dental pathology. 2nd ed. Chicago: Medico-Dental Publ Co, 1920. (probably the first textbook description of jawbone osteonecrosis, author called it "chronic osteitis" in contradistinction to osteomyelitis; mentions "cavity" formation and slow death of bone "cell by cell")

2. Box RM. Post-extraction oral sepsis. Ontario Dent J 1955: Oct/Nov:1-8. (a rambling review of 30-years' experience with thousands of "vacuolated" extraction sites, sometimes associated with neuralgias).

3. Bender JB, Seltzer S: Roentgenographic and direct observation of experimental lesions in bone. J Am Dent Assoc 1961; 62:152-160, 708-716. (description of complete lack of radiographic changes in jawbones before and after the removal of almost all cancellous bone; warning that "normal" radiographs may be false negatives)

4. Enlow DH. Osteocyte necrosis in normal bone. J Dent Res 1966; 45:213. (first reference to mild, multifocal osteocyte loss as a common ischemic phenomenon of aging; used monkey jaws)

5. Ratner EJ, Person P, Kleinman DJ. Oral pathology and trigeminal neuralgia. I. Clinical experiences. J Dent Res 1976; 55:299. (research abstract; the first hint in a peer-reviewed journal that surgical curettage of the jaws can reduce or eliminate facial neuralgia-like pain)

6. Shklar G, Person P, Ratner E. Oral pathology and trigeminal neuralgia. II. Histopathologic observations. J Dent Res 1976; 55(B):299. (research abstract; the first microscopic description of nonsuppurative osteomyelitis in the jaws of patients with facial neuralgia)

7. Socransky SS, Stone C, Ratner E. Oral pathology and trigeminal neuralgia. III. Microbiologic examination. J Dent Res 1976; 55(B):300. (research abstract; the first description of a wide variety of bacteria in diseased marrow of patients with facial neuralgia)

8. Adler E. Neural focal dentistry. Houston, Texas: Multi-Discipline Research Foundation, 1984 (1st German ed.=1976). (first medical text to discuss jawbone examples of osteonecrosis/osteomyelitis; unfortunately, no biopsies were performed on the patients; unusual book)

9. Ratner EJ, Person P, Kleinman DJ. Severe arm pain associated with pathological bone cavity of maxilla. Lancet 1978:106-107. (letter to the editor, first peer-reviewed article to discuss referred pain from maxillofacial osteonecrosis to distant anatomic sites)

10. Chow AW, Roser SM, Brady FA. Orofacial odontogenic infections. Ann Inter Med 1978; 88:392-402.

11. Voll R. Interrelations of odontons and tonsils to organs, fields of disturbance, and tissue systems. Medizinisch Literarische Verlagsgesellschaft: Hamburg, Germany, 1978 (translation of 4th German edition; early and detailed attempt to correlated dental and jawbone disease, i.e. "odontons" or "interference fields" to acupuncture meridians and, therefore, problems found outside the maxillofacial region)

12. Ratner EJ, Person P, Kleinman DJ, et al. Jawbone cavities and trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. Oral Surg 1979; 48:3-20. (first peer-reviewed research paper to associate maxillofacial osteonecrosis with facial neuralgic pain, one of the two papers which started the current enhanced interest in osteonecrosis of the jaws)

13. Roberts AM, Person P. Etiology and treatment of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. Oral Surg 1979; 48:298-308. (second peer-reviewed research paper, published only 2 months after the Ratner et al, to associate maxillofacial osteonecrosis with facial neuralgic pain, one of the two papers which started the current enhanced interest in osteonecrosis of the jaws)

Maxillofacial Osteonecrosis, 
Contemporary Textbooks & Theses

(Excludes osteoradionecrosis references; Click on underlined author to get more detail)

NOTE: See "Classics" section for books prior to 1980.

1. Raskin NH. Headache, 2nd ed. New York, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988. (suggests evaluation for jawbone cavitations in atypical facial pain patients; this is a standard text of the headache field)

2. Byron MA. A clinicopathologic review of 2,278 NICO cases (neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis). Master's Thesis (Endodontics). Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia University, 1994.

3. Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994: 581-582. (detailed review of jawbone osteonecrosis from the endodontic perspective; this appears to be the second most popular endodontic text in the U.S. )

4. Langlais RP, Langland OE, Nortje CJ. Diagnostic imaging of the jaws. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994:393-395. (radiographic features of osteonecrosis of the jaws, in the latest version of the "bible" of oral radiology)

5. Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995:631-632. (detailed review of jawbone osteonecrosis in facial pain patients; this is one of the two standard oral pathology textbooks)

6. Hardin JF (editor). Clark's Clinical Dentistry, revised edition, vol 1. St. Louis; Mosby, 1996. (brief mention to check for "cavitations" if the evaluation of standard causes of facial pain doesn't give an answer)

7. Nicol K, Klingman J, Holt J, et al. Ultrasonic gum/jaw bone detection instrument. Thesis. Socorro, New Mexico: New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology, 1996. (evaluation of efficacy and safety of using ultrasound to identify osteonecrosis cavitations in pig jawbones)

8. Sapp JP, Eversole LR, Wysocki GP. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial pathology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997. (references NICO histopathology paper for its chronic osteomyelitis review)

9. Glueck CJ, Freiberg R, Gruppo R. Thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis: reversible pathogenetic etiologies of osteonecrosis. In: Urbaniak JR, Jones, JP Jr (editors). Osteonecrosis: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; Chicago, Illinois; 1997:105-110. (detailed description of the coagulation disorders found in a majority of patients with osteonecrosis of the hips, knees & jaws)

10. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp, 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997: 58. (one-paragraph review of NICO in facial pain patients; this is today's most popular endodontic text ; NICO was also discussed in the 6th edition, 1994)

11.Odell EW, Morgan PR. Biopsy pathology of the oral tissues. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998: 268-270. (good histopathologic description in a text written for medical pathologists)

12. Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Patologia Oral & Maxilofacial. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabasa Koogan S.A., 1998. (Portuguese translation of 1995 textbook)

13. Brown RS, Arm RN, Sirois D (editors). Clinician’s guide to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic orofacial pain. Baltimore, Maryland: American Academy of Oral Medicine, 1999:4. (just a mention of NICO, indicating that it is treated by surgery and is controversial)

14. Lechner J. Störfelder im Trigeminusbereich und Systemerkrankungen. Kotzting, Germany: Verl für Ganzheitliche Medizin Wühr, 1999: 245-339.

15. Weigel G, Casey K. Striking Back! The trigeminal neuralgia handbook. Barnegat Light, New Jersey: Trigeminal Neuralgia Association, 2000:44-50. (discusses NICO as a potential cause of TN pain, recommends surgery after appropriate evaluation)

16. Terrence CF, Jensen TS. Trigeminal neuralgia and other facial neuralgias. In: Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA (editors). The headaches, 2^nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:929-937. (mentions inflammatory jawbone conditions as one etiologic factor for trigeminal neuralgia, referencing a NICO paper)

17. American Academy of Orofacial Pain. Orofacial pain -- guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and management, 2nd edition. Chicago, Quintessence Publ, 2001: in press. (short chapter reviewing maxillofacial osteonecrosis and its associated pain)

Osteonecrosis of the Head & Neck,
Peer Reviewed Papers
(Excludes osteoradionecrosis. Includes maxillofacial osteonecrosis, avascular necrosis of the mandibular condyle, and necrotizing otitis externa. Click on underlined author to get more detail)

NOTE: See "Classics" section for papers prior to 1980.

1. Shaber EP, Krol AJ. Trigeminal neuralgia -- a new treatment concept. Oral Surg 1980; 49:286-293, 1980.

2. Mathis BJ, Oatis GW, Grisius RJ. Jaw bone cavities associated with facial pain syndromes: case reports. Milit Med 1981; 146:719-723.

3. Jiao X, Meng Q. [The influence of pathologic bone cavity of jaw bone on the etiopathology of trigeminal neuralgia.] Acta Acad Med Sichuan 1981; 12:243-247.

4. Parisier SC, Lucente FE, Som PM, et al. Nuclear scanning in necrotizing progressive "malignant external otitis.: Laryngoscope 1982; 92:1016-1019.

5. Wang M, Xiwei J, Qingrong I, Sanyou Z. [A study of the relation between the various trigger zones of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and jaw bone cavities.] Acta Acad Med Sichuan 1982; 13:233-238.

6. Wang M, Jiao X, Meng Q, et al. [Localization method in the diagnosis of the pathological jaw bone cavity.] Acta Acad Med Sichuan 1982; 13:341-344.

7. Mendelson DS, Som PM, Mendelson MH, Parisier SC. Malignant external otitis: the role of computed tomography and radionuclides in evaluation. Radiology 1983; 149:745-749

8. Grecko VE, Puzin MN. [Odontogenic trigeminal neuralgia] Zh Nevropathol Psikhiatr 1984; 84(11):1655-1658.

9. Noyek AM, Kirsch JC, Greyson ND, et al. The clinical significance of radionuclide bone and gallium scanning in osteomyelitis of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1984; 94:1-21.

10. Roberts AM, Person P, Chandran NB, Hori JM. Further observations on dental parameters of trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. Oral Surg 1984; 58:121-129.

11. Strashun AM, Nejatheim M, Goldsmith SJ. Malignant external otitis: early scintigraphic detection. Radiology 1984; 150:541-545.

12. Balm AJM, Tiwari RM, deRijcke TBM. Osteomyelitis in the head and neck. J Laryngol Otol 1985; 99:1059-1065.

13. Strauss M, Kaufman RA, Baum S. Osteomyelitis of the head and neck: sequential radionuclide scanning in diagnosis and therapy. Laryngoscope 1985; 95:81-84.

14. Gherini SG, Brackmann DE, Bradley WG. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in malignant external otitis. Laryngoscope 1986; 96:542-548.

15. Ratner EJ, Langer B, Evins ML. Alveolar cavitational osteopathosis -- manifestations of an infectious process and its implication in the causation of chronic pain. J Periodontol 1986; 57:593-603.

16. Rubin J, Yu VL. Malignant external otitis: insights into pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy. Am J Med 1988; 85:391-398.

17. Benecke JE Jr. Management of osteomyelitis of the skull base. Laryngoscope 1989; 99:1220-1223.

18. Chandler JF. Malignant external otitis and osteomyelitis of the base of the skull. Am J Otol 1989; 10:108-110.

19. Lanigan DT, Hey JH, West RA. Aseptic necrosis following maxillary osteotomies: report of 36 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990; 48:142-156.

20. Rubin J, Curtin HD, Yu VL, Kamerer DB. Malignant external otitis: utility of CT in diagnosis and follow-up. Radiology 1990; 174:391-394.

21. Segall RO, Del Rio CE. Cavitational bone defect: a diagnostic challenge. J Endo 1991; 17:396-400.

22. Uri N, Gips S, Front A, Meyer SW, et al. Quantitative bone and ⁶⁷Ga scintigraphy in the differentiation of necrotizing external otitis from severe external otitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head neck Surg 1991; 117:623-626.

23. Bouquot JE, Roberts AM, Person P, Christian J. NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis): osteomyelitis in 224 jawbone samples from patients with facial neuralgias. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 73:307-319.

24. Epstein JS, Ganz WI, Lizak M, Grobman L, et al. Indium-111-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in evaluating head and neck infections. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1992; 101:961-968.

25. Malone DG, O'Boynick PL, Ziegler DK, et al. Osteomyelitis of the skull base. Neurosurgery 1992; 30:426-431.

26. McMahon RE, Adams W, Spolnik K. Diagnostic anesthesia for referred trigeminal pain, Part I. Compendium Cont Educ Dent 1992; 11:870-881.

27. McMahon RE, Adams W, Spolnik K. Diagnostic anesthesia for referred trigeminal pain, Part II. Compendium Cont Educ Dent 1992; 11: 980-997.

28. O'Mara, RE. Scintigraphy of the facial skeleton. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin N Amer 1992; 4:51-___.

29. Chuong R, Piper MA. Avascular necrosis of the mandibular condyle: pathogenesis and concepts of management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993; 75:428-432.

30. Hasso AN, Brown KD. Use of gadolinium chelate in MR imaging of lesions of the extracranial head and neck. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993; 3:247-263.

31. Shankland WE. Osteocavitational lesions (Ratner bone cavities): frequently misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia-a case report. J Craniomand Pract 1993; 11:232-234.

32. Hardoff R, Gips S, Uri N, Front A, Tamir A. Semiquantitative skull planar and SPECT bone scintigraphy in diabetic patients: differentiation of necrotizing (malignant) external otitis from severe external otitis. J Nucl Med 1994; 35:411-415.

33. Mandel ID. Dental quackery: a retrospective view. J Amer Dent Assoc 1994; 125:153-160.

34. Readleaf MI, Angeli SI, McCabe BF. Indium 111-labeled white blood cell scintigraphy as an unreliable indicator of malignant external otitis resolution. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994; 103:444-448.

35. Wormald PJ. Surgical management of benign necrotizing otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol 1994; 108:101-105.

36. Bouquot JE, Christian J. Long-term effects of jawbone curettage on the pain of facial neuralgia; treatment results in neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53:387-397.

37. Brown RS, Hinderstein B, Reynolds DC, et al. Using anesthetic localization to diagnose oral and dental pain. JADA 1995; 126: 633-641.

38. Chuong R, Piper MA, Boland TJ. Osteonecrosis of the mandibular condyle, pathophysiology and core decompression. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 79:539-545.

39. McMahon RE, Griep J, Marfurt CP, et al. Local anesthetic effects in the presence of chronic osteomyelitis/necrosis of the mandible: implications for localizing the etiologic sites of referred trigeminal pain. J Craniomand Pract 1995; 13:212-226.

40. Seabold JE, Simonson TM, Weber PC, et al. Cranial osteomyelitis: diagnosis and follow-up with In-111 white blood cell and Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate bone SPECT, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology 1995; 196:779-788.

41. Shankland WE. Craniofacial pain syndromes that mimic temporomandibular joint disorders. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1995; 24:104-106.

42. Brown CR. Pain management: NICO. Pract Perio Aesth Dent 1996; 8:916.

43. Damm DD, Fantasia JE. Recurrent severe mandibular pain. Gen Dent 1996; Mar/Apr:120,171.

44. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, et al. Thrombophilia, hypofibrinolysis and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1996; 81:557-566.

45. Gruppo R, Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, et al. The pathophysiology of osteonecrosis of the jaw: anticardiolipin antibodies, thrombophilia, and hypofibrinolysis. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 127:481-488.

46. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, et al. Heterozygosity for the Leiden mutation V gene, a common pathoetiology for osteonecrosis of the jaw with thrombophilia augmented by exogenous estrogens. J Lab Clin Med 1997; 130:540-543.

47. Glueck CJ, McMahon R, Bouquot J, et al. A preliminary pilot study of treatment of thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis and amelioration of the pain of osteonecrosis of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 85:64-73.

48. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Triplett D. Exogenous estrogens may exacerbate thrombophilia, impair bone healing and contribute to development of chronic facial pain. J Craniomand Pract 1998; 16:143-153.

49. Adams WR, Spolnik KJ, Bouquot JE. Maxillofacial osteonecrosis in a patient with multiple facial pains. J Oral Pathol Med 1999, 28:423-432.

50. Bouquot JE, LaMarche MG. Ischemic osteonecrosis under fixed partial denture pontics: radiographic and microscopic features in 38 patients with chronic pain. J Pros Dent 1999; 81:148-158.

51. Larheim TA, Westesson P-L, Hicks D, Eriksson L, et al. Osteonecrosis of the temporomandibular joint: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and histology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 57:888-898.

52. Sano T, Westesson P-L, Larheim TA, Rubin SJ, et al. Osteoarthritis and abnormal bone marrow of the mandibular condyle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999; 87:243-252.

53. DuPont JD. Unhealed extraction sites mimicking TMJ pain. Gen Dent 2000; 48:82-85.

54. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Neuropathic pain in maxillofacial osteonecrosis (NICO). J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58:in press.

Maxillofacial Osteonecrosis
Published Abstracts, Letters, Etc.

(Excludes osteoradionecrosis references; Click on underlined author to get more detail)

NOTE: See "Classics" section for articles prior to 1980.

1. Demerath RR, Sist T. Treatment of osteocavitation lesions in facial pain patients: preliminary results. J Dent Res 1982; 61:218. (research abstract)

2. Raskin NH: Atypical facial pain. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Association for the Study of Headache; Quebec, Canada, June, 1987. (research abstract)

3. Bouquot JE, Roberts AM, Person, P, Christian J. The histopathology of neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO). J Dent Res 1989; 68:952. (research abstract)

4. Bouquot J, Christian J. Long-term effects of jawbone curettage on the pain of facial neuralgia; treatment results in neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis. Oral Surg 1991; 72:582. (research abstract)

5. McMahon RE, Griep J, Marfurt CP. Local anesthetic effects in the presence of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. J Orofacial Pain 1992; 7:116. (research abstract)

6. McMahon RE, Griep J, Marfurt CP. Local anesthetic effects in the presence of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. Anesth Prog 1991; 38:189. (research abstract)

7. Donlon WC. Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis. Oral Surg 1992; 73:319-320. (invited commentary)

8. Bouquot JE. More on neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO). Oral Surg 1992; 74:348-350. (response to Donlon commentary)

9. Bouquot J, Roberts A. NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis): radiographic appearance of the "invisible" osteomyelitis. Oral Surg 1992; 74:600. (research abstract)

10. McMahon R, Bouquot J. Corticosteroid use and jawbone osteonecrosis. J Facial Pain, 1993. (research abstract)

11. Bouquot J. In review of NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis), the invisible "osteomyelitis" of the jaws. Proceedings of Parker Mahan International Conference on Facial Pain. Pantke Institute, Gainesville, Florida; April, 1994. (invited review)

12. Bouquot JE. Ischemia and infarction of the jaws - the "phantom" pain of NICO. J Craniomand Pract 1994; 12:138-139. (invited guest editorial)

13. McMahon R, Bouquot J, Mahan P, Gremillion H. Elevated serum peripheral nerve anti-myelin antibody titers in atypical facial pain patients with NICO. J Orofacial Pain 1994; 8:104. (research abstract)

14. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Stroop D, Tracy T, Freiberg R, Wang Y, Rabinovich B. The pathophysiology of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the jaws: thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Association of Physiology; May, 1995. (research abstract)

15. Bouquot JE, Byron M. Ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws -- histopathology of 2,867 samples from patients with facial pain. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology; Colorado Springs; May, 1995. (research abstract)

16. Bouquot J, McMahon R, Glueck C. Risk factors in 'idiopathic' osteonecrosis of the jaws: seven of ten NICO patients have hereditary clotting disorders. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology; Colorado Springs, Colorado; May, 1995. (research abstract)

17. Bouquot J, Adams W, Spolnik K, McMahon R. G.V. Black's forgotten disease; a necropsy report of ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology; Colorado Springs, Colorado; May, 1995. (research abstract)

18. Donlon WC: Discussion. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 1995; 53:397-398. (invited commentary)

19. Sciubba JJ: Discussion. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 1995; 53:398-399. (invited commentary)

20. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Rabinovich B. Hypofibrinolysis and thrombophilia, pathophysiologic etiologies of osteonecrosis of the jaws and atypical facial neuralgia. J Orofacial Pain, 1995; 9:103. (research abstract)

21. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Stroop D, Trent T, Freiberg R, Wang S. Resistance to activated protein C, estrogens, and osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Invest Med 1995; 43 (suppl): 234A. (research abstract)

22. Glueck CJ, Gruppo R, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Stroop D, Becker A, Tracy T, Wang P. Anticardiolipin antibodies and osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Invest Med 1995; 43 (suppl 3): 459A. (research abstract)

23. Gruppo R, Glueck C, McMahon R, Bouquot J. Anticardiolipin antibodies, thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis in Neuralgia-Inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis of jaw. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53(suppl): 84-85. (research abstract)

24. McMahon R, Glueck C, Bouquot J, Rabinovich B. Protein C disorders are risk factors for alveolar osteonecrosis and chronic facial pain. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53(suppl): 169-170. (research abstract)

25. Stewart J: RIIB (Residual Infection In Bone) Project syllabus. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University, 1985. (research protocol for extended microbiology, histopathology, surgical therapy research)

26. Bouquot J, McMahon R. Ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws in 2,023 patients with facial pain. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25:271. (research abstract)

27. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis in facial pain syndromes. TMDiary 1996; 8:32-39. (invited review in the News Journal of the American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain)

28. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis in facial pain syndromes. Part I: A review of NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis) based on experience with more than 2,000 patients. Edition 5.3 Morgantown, West Virginia, The Maxillofacial Center; 1996; 1-19. (handout)

29. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot J, Tracy T, Seive-Smith L, Wang P. Treatment of thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis ameliorates osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Investig Med 1996; 44:375. (research abstract)

30. Hammerschmidt DE. Thrombophilia: taking it on the jaw. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 127:411-412. (editorial)

31. American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. Ischemic osteonecrosis consistent with neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO). Annual Continued Competency Assurance Examination. Chicago: AAOMP, 1997. (review of clinicopathology of NICO accompanying microscopic case as part of annual exam)

32. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic alveolar osteonecrosis in 2,023 patients with chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:180. (research abstract)

33. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997; 84:229-230. (letter editor)

34. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws. Part II: Histopathologic review of NICO (neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis), based on experience with more than 4,000 jawbone biopsy samples. Edition 1.1. Morgantown, West Virginia, The Maxillofacial Center; 1997; 1-22. (handout)

35. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic osteonecrosis in facial pain syndromes. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, American Academy of Head, Neck & Facial Pain; Boston, Massachusetts, August, 1997. (invited review)

36. Bouquot JE, McMahon RE. Ischemic alveolar osteonecrosis in 2,023 patients with chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:180. (research abstract)

37. Denucci DJ, Dionne RA, Chen CC, Meehan SC. SPECT bone scanning in the diagnosis of chronic idiopathic jaw pain. J Dent Res. 1997;76:237. (research abstract)

38. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Bouquot JE. The treatment of thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis ameliorates the pain of osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:180. (research abstract)

39. Glueck CJ, McMahon RE, Triplett DA, Bouquot JE, Wang P. The mutant Factor V Leiden gene and thrombophilic resistance to activated Protein C, a common (24%) significant (P = .001) pathoetiology of osteonecrosis of the jaws with chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:179. (research abstract)

40. Haley B. Characterization and identification of chemical toxicants isolated from cavitational material and infected root canaled teeth: in situ testing of teeth for toxicity and infection. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology; San Diego, California; April, 1997. (invited research summary)

41. Hammerschmidt DE. Thrombophilic osteonecrosis: another chapter. J Lab Clin Med 1997; 130:451-452. (editorial)

42. McMahon RE, Glueck CJ, Bouquot JE, Rabinovich B. Protein C Disorders are risk factors for alveolar osteonecrosis and chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:179. (research abstract)

43. McMahon RE, Glueck CJ, Bouquot JE, Triplett. The prevalence of factor V Leiden and methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations in 87 patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws and chronic facial pain. J Orofacial Pain 1997; 11:179-180. (research abstract)

44. Freedman P, Reich, Steinlauf. NICO and anticoagulation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998, in press. (letter to the editor)

45. Glueck CJ. NICO and anticoagulation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998, in press. (response to Freedman's letter to the editor)

46.McMahon R, Bouquot J, Mahan P, Saxen M. Elevated anti-myelin antibodies in patients with maxillofacial osteonecrosis (NICO). J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27:345-346. (research abstract)

47. Bouquot J, McMahon R. Bone marrow edema syndrome, new disease or early presentation of ischemic osteonecrosis? J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27:346. (research abstract)

48. Bouquot J. Clinicopathology of NICO. Syllabus, 33rd annual meeting, American Academy of Environmental Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland; 1998. (invited review)

49. Elkins WE. Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis: a case presentation. Oklahoma Dent J 1999; Spring:26-28.

50. Anderson Q. Osteonecrosis of the temporomandibular joint: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and histology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 57:899. (invited and very negative commentary to paper by Larheim TA, et al)

51. Bouquot J, McMahon R. Bone marrow edema syndrome, independent disease or early presentation of ischemic osteonecrosis? Proceedings, Annual meeting, American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology; May, 2000; Williamsburg, Virginia. (research abstract)

54. Bouquot J, McMahon R. The hollow tuberosity – clinicopathologic review of 1057 biopsied cases. J Oral Pathol Med 2000; in press. (research abstract)

55. Bouquot J, Wrobleski G, Fenton S. The most common osteonecrosis? Prevalence of maxillofacial osteonecrosis (MFO). J Oral Pathol Med 2000; in press. (research abstract)

Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles

Table of Contents

Ischemic Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles,
The Classics

NOTE: See "Classics" section for articles prior to 1980.

1. Phemister, DB. Repair of bone in the presence of aseptic necrosis resulting from fractures, transplantations, and vascular obstruction. J Bone Joint Surg 1930; 769-778. (first use of the word "cavitation" in a bone disease; first true understanding of the disease as a blood flow problem instead of infection)

2. Goff CW. Legg-Calve-Perthes syndrome and related osteochondroses of youth. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1954. (first textbook review of osteonecrosis of the hip in young persons)

3. Beckman EL, Elliott DH (editors). Dysbarism-related osteonecrosis, proceedings of a symposium on dysbaric osteonecrosis. Washington DC: U.S. Dept Health Educ Welfare, 1974:117-132. (first textbook to deal exclusively with animal and human aspects of pressure-change induced osteonecrosis)

4. Aegerter E, Kirkpatrick JA. Orthopedic diseases; physiology, pathology, radiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1975. (first detailed review of hip osteonecrosis in a standard orthopedic text)

5. McCallum R. Dysbaric osteonecrosis: aseptic necrosis of bone. In: Bennett PB, Elliott DH (editors). The physiology and medicine of diving and compressed air work. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1975:504-521. (good review of an occupation-induced osteonecrosis)

6. Davidson JK. Aseptic necrosis of bone. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 1976. (First English-language textbook pertaining to ischemic osteonecrosis of the non-disbaric type)

7. Ficat RP, Arlet J. Ischemia and necrosis of bone. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1980. (translated from the 1977 text, Ischemie et necrose osseuses, this is the standard which opened up the field of modern research into osteonecrosis of the hip)

8. Katz JF (editor). Symposium: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1980; 150:2-124. (review of research papers from symposium of osteonecrosis in young people)

Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles
Contemporary Textbooks & Theses

1. Bennington JL. Surgical pathology of bone marrow--core biopsy diagnosis. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1985.

2. Griffiths ID. Osteonecrosis. In: Scott JT (editor). Copeman's textbook of the rheumatic diseases, 6th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1986: 1207-1228.

3. Jones JP Jr. Osteonecrosis. In: McCarty D (editor). Arthritis and allied conditions: a textbook of rheumatology, 11th ed. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1989, pp 1545-1562. (good general review by an internationally recognized expert)

4. Arlet J, Mazieres B (editors). Bone circulation and bone necrosis. Proceedings of the IVth International Symposium on Bone Circulation, Toulouse (France), 17th-19th September, 1987. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990. (the definitive work to date; this book sets the standards)

5. Hungerford DS. Diagnosis and treatment of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. In: Mc Evarts C (editor). Surgery of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990: vol 3: 2757-2794.

6. Ono K (editor). Symposium: recent advances in avascular osteonecrosis. Clin Orthopaedics Related Res 277:2-138, 1992. (summary of research papers of the Second International Symposium on Osteonecrosis)

7. Schoutens A, Arlet J, Gardeniers JWM, Hughes SPF. Bone circulation and vascularization in normal and pathological conditions. New York, New York: Plenum Press, 1993.

8. Steinberg ME, Steinberg DR. Osteonecrosis. In: Kelly WN, Harris ED Jr, Ruddy S, Sledge CB (editors). Textbook of rheumatology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993:1628-1650.

9. Mazieres B. Osteonecrosis. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA (editors). Rheumatology. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994:41.1-41.8.

10. Sweet DE, Madewell JE. Osteonecrosis: pathogenesis. In: Resnick D (editor). Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995: 3445-3494. (detailed review in the encyclopedic radiology text, doesn't touch much on more mild involvement or pathophysiology)

11. Rywlin AM. Histopathology of the bone marrow. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1996:153-190.

12. Strauchen, JA. Diagnostic histopathology of the bone marrow. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

13. Bullough, PG. Orthopaedic pathology. 3rd edition. Baltimore: Mosby-Wolfe, 1997. (today's best reference on the histopathology of osteonecrosis and related entities of bone)

14. Jones JP Jr. Osteonecrosis. In: Koopman WJ (ed). Arthritis and allied conditions; a textbook of rheumatology, 13th edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:1923-1942. (good general review by an internationally recognized expert, one of the first to recognize potential coagulopathies in osteonecrosis)

15. Urbaniak JR, Jones, JP Jr (eds). Osteonecrosis -- etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; Chicago, Illinois, 1997. (summary of a 1996 international symposium)

Osteonecrosis Below the Clavicles,
Peer Reviewed Papers

Note: Still working on this list.

Zemansky AP. Am J Surg 1928; 4:169-____.

Kiraly JF III, Wheby MS. Bone marrow necrosis. Am J Med 1976; 60: 361-368.

Conrad ME, Carpenter JT. Bone marrow necrosis. Am J Hematol 1979; 7:181-189.

Norgard MJ, Carpenter JT, Conrad ME. Bone marrow necrosis and degeneration. Ann Intern Med 1979; 139:905-911.

Ficat RP. Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head: early diagnosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1985; 67:3-9.

Mankin HJ. Nontraumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis). New Eng J Med 1992; 326 (22):1473-1479.

Ono K (editor). Symposium: recent advances in avascular necrosis. Clin Orthopaedics Related Res 1992; 277:2-138.

Chang CC, Greenspan A, Gershwin ME. Osteonecrosis: current perspectives on pathogenesis and treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993; 23:47-69.

Simkin PA, Gardner GC. Osteonecrosis: pathogenesis and practicalities. Hosp Pract Off Ed 1994; 29:73-78,81-84.

Griffiths ID. Osteonecrosis. In: Scott JT (ed). Copeman's textbook of the rheumatic diseases, 6th ed. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1986, pp 1207-1228.

Kenzora JE, Glimcher MR. Accumulative cell stress: the multifactorial etiology of idiopathic osteonecrosis. Orthop Clin N Amer 1985; 16:669-676.

Axhausen G. Kinische und histologishe Beitrage zur Kenntnes der juvenilen Arthritis deformans doxae. Charite Ann 1909; 33:414-422.

Kiraly JF III, Wheby MS. Bone marrow necrosis. Am J Med 1976; 60: 361-368.

Norgard MJ, Carpenter JT, Conrad ME. Bone marrow necrosis and degeneration. Ann Intern Med 1979; 139:905-911.

Glimcher MJ, Kenzara JE. The biology of the human femoral head and its clinical implications. II. The pathological changes in the femoral head as an organ and in the hip joint. Clin Orthop 1979; 139:283-312.

Glimcher MJ, Kenzara JE. The biology of the human femoral head and its clinical implications. III. Discussion of the etiology and genesis of the pathological sequelae; comments on treatment. Clin Orthop 1979; 139:283-312.

Ficat RP, Arlet J. Ischemia and necrosis of bone. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1980. Translated from the 1977 text, Ischemie et necrose osseuses.

Bennington JL. Surgical pathology of bone marrow--core biopsy diagnosis. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1985.

Herbert TJ, Lanzetta M. Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg Br 1994; 19:174-182.

Fritz CF, Rupp S, Remberger K. Die Knochenneskrose der Crista iliaca. Beschreibung einer bisher nicht gesicherten-Lokalisation. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1994; 132:136-139.

Bruns J, Klima H. Osteochondrosis desiccans genus. Ergebnisse einer Nachuntersuchung. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1993; 131:413-319.